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THE NEW TIDE IN PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION

Chaitanya Sharma — Sat, 15 Jun 2024 07:38:20 +0000

INTRODUCTION:
ETHICS AND CULTURE, in all certainty, has had a holistically positive impact on my life and sense of being. The classes were a mix of theoretical and practical approaches that helped me grasp the magnitude of these essential concepts. The study material involved was wide-ranging and diverse both in terms of geography/socio-cultural environment and the basic outlook on issues pertaining to the subject. It included excerpts from Aristotle and George Elliot to the priceless teachings of Swami Vivekananda. This wide variety of material, combined with interactive classes, aided me in the development of a comprehensive understanding of the subject.

“Knowledge of India” will include knowledge from ancient India and its contributions to modern India and its successes and challenges”

MAIN BODY:
We express that the excessive stress on the aspect of experiential learning in engraved in the current education policy existing concurrently with primacy yielded to Research methodology at the undergraduate level is something which was not emphasized during our time, core opportunity of working closely with the professors and developing hypothesis with our faculty was missing and therefore we were missing on the rigorous search technique. NEP 2020 basically talks about major transformational reforms in the Indian academic sector. The main aim of this is to redesign the structure with holistic development. The disadvantage we as a student of batch 2021-2024 is facing is that the batch of NEP has more options in terms of the side subjects and these subjects are mostly skill based. They are given focus on practical knowledge mostly . We are comparatively more inclined towards theoretical knowledge.

The practical knowledge will help them in the overall development of their skills and personality. They will not be only confined to writing answers . According to NEP 2020, students will be awarded with a certificate after completing 1 year (2 semesters) of study in the chosen fields of study, a diploma after 2 years (4 semesters) of study, a bachelor’s degree after a 3-year (6 semesters) programme of study, a bachelor’s degree with honors or research after a 4-year programme. This is very interesting because in the course of 4 years they are going to get exposure to different subjects which can also be practically applied. Also, if they wish to go for a research specialization, they will have to undertake a research project in their four-year course. This will get them an Honors degree with research specialization. This will help students to utilize their academic years and they will not have to waste extra years for research. On the other hand we have to give extra years for research and further higher studies. This mainly affects the students who are preparing for competitive exams as they have to carry both in their way.
In today’s era practical knowledge holds much more importance than theoretical knowledge so instead of writing 6 to 10 page answers there should be a method to apply the topics in real life . NEP 2020 is making this possible and education has become much more interesting and light as compared to previous policies.

CONCLUSION:
People get to know about different styles of leadership and their relevance in the current world. We also learned some effective ways of communication. The spirit of being a good leader was inculcated through this course. Activities directed to leadership skills. People could be subjected to speak about our favorite political leader and also about the factors that we liked about him or her which motivates us. And a socratic-method style declamation or an Extempore in the practical class.

It is a very important tool a s in this current environment, young people like us are unable to control our emotions or we get too much overburdened with our life. Personality development is a lifelong process that involves self-awareness, self- improvement, and continuous learning. It helped me to understand myself better, including my strengths, weaknesses, values, beliefs, emotions. Personality development includes improving our communication skills, such as listening actively, expressing yourself clearly and confidently, and resolving conflicts effectively. Overall, personality development encompasses a wide range of skills, behaviors, and attitudes that contributed to my personal growth, self-improvement, and success in various areas of life. It is a lifelong journey that requires self- reflection, effort, and a willingness to learn and grow.

With a confidence in the vibrance of the philosophy as a domain, I am positive that this subject will see the light of the day and may the masses will read into the philosophical caseloads for it will help the students to “find the soul even in the inanimate objects” and to become “true artist” as per Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore. And with, I bring down the curtains of this elongated elucidation on philosophy. || ओम तत् सत् ||

REFRENCES:

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Knowledge_Systems

2. https://breakthroughindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Indian-Knowledge-System.pdf

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ART AND FILM APPRECIATION

Chaitanya Sharma — Sat, 15 Jun 2024 07:20:42 +0000

INTRODUCTION:
The arts are an important part of human life and culture. They attract a large measure of attention and support from states, commercial companies and the public at large. Art is a form of self- expression. Good art does not go out of style. It reflects society. It is a unique medium to express the creator. Art gives insight into the human condition. According to Tolstoy: art is a human activity consisting of one man consciously, and experiencing them, Indirect conduit to communicate from one person to another. Art stimulates individuals’, behavioral section, emotions, sentiments, or ideas through the senses.

Art brings new dimensions into picture through expressive processes and following this meditative procedure, we have the unique form of art- the Cinema/Film section which is corroboration of plethora of diverse segments and experiences of aesthetics- my main question is whether this art, i.e cinema helps in uplifting the social happenings, takes the societal in which direction- role of censorship and its relation with art and how this has in totality affected the contemporary 21st post covid pandemic society. Films no longer thrashes people in the world of illusion and imitation, rather it is responsible for character building, and in some sense “life-preserving”. With delving into the merits of this phenomenon I endeavor to expunge the futuristic aspects of my dialect so as to comprehend things into the right perspective.

MAIN BODY:
Cinema and films have been an integral part of the human life- from Dear zindagi’s psychologist to the anti-hero robin hood, from the prem prasang to the forbidden love of raj and simran and to the condemnation of a pity father on the affair of his prince son with anarkali- all have put the audience in an awe-inspiring situation, it has affected us in ways we cannot even fathom about. Some changes have come as a larger-scale revolution and some have scaled as slow-pace corrections but one thing is for sure that this form of art has influenced us, our societies and our significant surroundings at large. The question of moral goodness is different from the question of aesthetic goodness- this is a very important aspect.

Human-psychology, social anthropogenic activities and the general sociology of human-life has undergone a significant change because of the film industry and cinematography and the Honorable Supreme court of India ascent to the view I hold with respect to cinema. The changes have conglomerate to become one single unit of massive social change stride that has led a significant change in how we humans- interact, live, work, conduct ourselves and behave in proximity of other beings- therefore signifying the way how art and object of aesthetic experience interact with us, thereby being an integral part of our lives for it be a travesty to say that Raja harish chandra didn’t inspired all of us to become a human like him or B.R Chopra’s Mahabharata didn’t inspire us to be a “tarka-pungava” like Krishna.

We have to answer the following questions in the course of this paper so that we can understand the wide-ranging impact of art in general on the human-race and the social changes existing concurrently with it, and they are as follows:-
What are the changes introduced by the movies we have been watching?
How have these movies influenced us in our personal life?

The social change introduced by the cinema has done more good or bad to our society? What is the place of censorship in the context of films and how can we justify their existence on a crucial aspect of art?

Films are said to be the composite art form primarily because they are produced by a series of various other art objects and aesthetic entities are holistically included in the making of a film shot, it has camera- photography, literature, songs, dialogues, technology, editing, screenplay of emotions, robust-feelings, great acting sequel in parallel cinema that is closely related to the European socio-cultural heading, it is composed of various art-forms, promotion production and manufacturing is also closely associated to various novel ways which signifies its abbreviation as a composite art-form, an art form that been curated by addition of all other art-forms. The ordinary spatio-temporal experiences and the marvelous sadharanikaran during films plays a significant role in aesthetic experience.

Now, after building up on the composite nature of cinema as an art-form, let me turn towards the socio-cultural changes in particular and overall haul in general the cinema has brought about in the society. We can say that (1) our social ties have undergone a significant change in the way we look up to our family, our brothers, sisters- ideal concept of wife, obedient husband, powerful godman like friend- it has all changed because of the films, it has in some cases made us more reserve and in some instances broadened our horizon to our family-ties, a friend is not just a friend he has become an unpaid therapist, a mother has become a friend and savior- they are no longer subjected to the age-old task of “mothering or fathering” Kahani 2.0, drishyam movie, the family stone and parent-hood such movies serve a thriving example for my assertion significantly.

The next aspect is that (2) films have changed the social structure; how we look down upon the people from other caste groups for example the movie about sinhalese tamil, aboriginals, kashmiri pandits, or red indians of America, so on and so forth, it has undergone a significant change, Kashmir files, Article 15, and movies of these genre have given us a different lens to view things- it has provided a platform for people suffering from mental disorder in the case of chandra-mukhi Avni in Bhool-Bhulaiya, Dear zindagi, Young sheldon etc. We no longer look with an eye of disgust at them and segregate them on the basis of caste, creed, sex, or religion or color- the black americans have risen in the rate of acceptance and adaptability in some white regions in the U.S.A as per survey conducted.

CONCLUSION:
An effective movie, with desirable communication goal and expressive performances can have a long-lasting impact on the mind, personality, education of a man- it makes who he “really is”– it shapes his life and guides his actions, just as the concept of justice in the mind of people of Plato’s theory of form, that have guided them and their predicaments. Be it employment, lifestyle, work-ethics, social setting and any metaphysical question- we all have turned towards the movies. This was an excerpt of my research on art and film appreciation.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato

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PAUL VALERY ON ART

Chaitanya Sharma — Sat, 15 Jun 2024 07:00:54 +0000

INTRODUCTION:
“How do we know that an object is a work of art, or that a system of acts is performed with a view to art?”
Paul Valery was a French philosopher and in the essay idea of art, he tries to investigate art, its nature and characteristics. The meaning of art, its quality or value changes, depending on what type of artist is and who is the artist. The idea of art is as follows:

MAIN BODY:
He states that the ways of doing that involves voluntary actions or actions initiated by the will we understand that it is a self willed Exercise and not forced upon us by any external pressure or force. We find that art is in everything. There is an artistic way of walking, breathing and even in silence. The artist is created by an artist and there are two characteristics surf facing the idea of artist, the first is, Native aptitude, which is also called as his or her inalienable Personal gift, and the second is what he or she has learnt or required through experience, which can be put to words and can be forwarded to the succeeding generations that may be coming.

Hence, Paul says that art can be learnt but not whole art. This difference is easier to state then to actually discern it in a practical example provided by a particular case. Therefore, it is said that “art is the quality of the way of doing which is due to dismal emotes of operations and hence in the results arising from dissimilarities of agents”. He has provided, even within this difference, the chief attribute of the work of art which can be termed as uselessness.

This could be understood as in the sensations, impressions, and perception when we annul it, We do not dwell in it because it is not playing a major role in our life supporting system. Additionally, it could be arbitrary as well because we receive more sensations that are necessary, and we use extra to fashion something without any specific purpose. Therefore, art is originated in the attempt to endow these sensations with the kind of utility and act with a kind of necessity, however, this utility and necessity is not universal, but they are subjectively understood and personally interpret it, specifically by individual.

Art has prompted significant modification to the conventional understanding of sensitivity. It is believed to be receptive, but it must be given credit for producing. It means that the mental images as well as their effect will have same contrast and symmetry, re relationships and more importantly, the same system of endlessly repeated regeneration that we have seen particularly in the specialized sensibilities. He has provided a different idea as well, which talks about the man’s ability to manipulate the matter which has underwent a steady develop, developed more robust and better precisely because of all these advantages that development of art has been made possible.

But Paul has a contrasting perspective on this as well that while art has created a full fledged market presence in this utilitarian capitalistic tradition only to preserve this creative sensibility, but because of technological advancement man’s sensibility may eventually become less flexible due to the growth and intensity of this disorder that these astounding innovations have created within the deep fragments of a person’s thought.

The sensibility, oppressed and opposed to “vacant idleness” because “sensibility in its beginning, beginning and end abhors vacuum” And to overcome absence and have positive effect in life, there is a constant exchange between potentiality and activity within the sensibility. It is not limited to responding. Sometimes it demands and then produces for itself as he believed that art should be an embodiment of beauty, harmony and proportion.

It was his idea that could be defined through the inner quality of the artist, creativity, as well as the perceptions of the viewers. Language and symbolism is important to art because any aesthetic matter must go beyond the surface appearance of things and has to necessarily reveal structures of reality. Symbolism is a way of expressing, revealing and understanding the hidden associations that lie underneath the surface of ordinary perception aspects.

CONCLUSION:
To conclude, we can say that there have been many criticism against this theory that it is abstract very complex and has a challenging language which could be not easily understood by ordinary people, but any contextual discussion does not results in the particular material becoming dull or de philosophy related to knowledge, enhancement and enlightenment, and this theory is precisely doing that higher goal task His idea which revolves around the notion that art is not passive, reproduction of reality, but transformative process that engages sense, emotions, and intellect of the viewer is a very groundbreaking finding in the world of art. As he says that the work of art is never finished, it is nearly abandoned, which suggests that it is continuous without any full stop or commas- It is like the river which keeps on flowing. It gives us inspiration. It stimulates our senses and provides us with an undying sense of aesthetic pleasure, and that is what art is all about.

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REFERENCES:
https://frenchquest.com/2022/02/04/paul-valery-the-idea-of-art/

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THE FEMINIST WAY OF KNOWING THINGS

Chaitanya Sharma — Sat, 15 Jun 2024 06:22:55 +0000

INTRODUCTION:
Elizabeth Anderson has provided the critical lens to investigate traditional epistemological assumptions, it has 2 main points: acknowledges achievement of feminist criticism of science which aims to reveal sexism in theoretical knowledge and defends feminist scientific practices. commitment to liberation of women and nature and souls for all persons, could only be satisfied by the branch of Natural Social epistemology she focuses on “feminist ways of knowing ” in the midst of knowledge generally labeled as “masculine”.

Each sex works in its own appropriate sphere of action, there being a proper subordination, deference and respect of the female to the male in his order, and of the male to the female in her order [emphasis added], so that in any of these communities the zealous advocates of “women’s rights” may here find a practical realization of their ideal.

Naturalized, social epistemology maintains its commitment with modest empiricism and Rational Inquiry. (1) Modest Empiricism – promiscuous in permissible ontology provides defeasible evidence of we have about the would; development of best theories requires • fullest & freest development of imagination but no reason to think that our presently cramped imagination set the world limit of. actual length of Imagination of the world.

The ideas that feminism have raised about the influence of gender on science claim has been unimaginable To dismissing such claims out of hand nothing justifies this; Modest empiricism – purely methodological “doctrine, rejects a priori commitments to what the content of our theories and models must be. (2) Rationality: Reflective endorsement is the only test for whether a consideration counts as a reason for having any attitude, tools, test methodologies of others experience to get the data they cant being, pert their theory underway so that the whole community of inquirers can participate in the scientific investigation.

The idea:
There are 4 categories in naturalized social epistemology: gender structure & labor. symbolism & masculine phenomenon. Androcenterism In different domains of study. Theory & practice. gendered division of theoretical labour:
(a) women’s exclusion documented history of peeping women away from theoretical inquiry. Formal restrictions and barriers Into studying various academic disciplines. Parents socialize women and children do not excel or study masculine subject Maths & natural science.
(b) Discrimination at school level: mixed gender school favoring boys. Boys marginalice girl students by sexual hour. Interruption; detrimental.
(C) Racial preference treatment :- white Boys are given more attention, participation & encouragement than girls in schools, disciplinary studies.
(d) sexual harassment & exclusion :- Male students having been more supporting and being encouraged relatively more than women students’ If they clear college degree spaces- faculty academic ambition less, sexual harassment to them, then they are not treated equally with men in academic institutions.

The struggle for women’s rights, and the task of creating a new United Nations, able to promote peace and the values which nurture and sustain it, are one and the same. Today – more than ever – the cause of women is the cause of all humanity.

low pay scale & unemployment :- low pay scale, starting salary law position, less Research support, lower Ranks & positions higher unemployment pate 2 gender symbolism- The hierarchy of knowledge can be seen in following forms:- (i) Masculine feminine dichotomy:- there are conceptual dichotomies that subjective / objective model objective and subjective culture/ nature; Reason / emotion mind body; (i) Distortion by sexist imagery. :- These scandalous dichotomies formed conceptions of knowledge was shaped sexist view between men & women. (ii) conception of prestige & honor :- gender symbolism appears on 2 levels of knowledge practices, Authorities and prestige next sexism in scientific theory eg(2) Ideological of paternal justifications of the structures men are disqualified but not for women eg- IQ Test: higher score on Scientific IQ Test Androcentricism. for women than men marks Results distorted their -Man Is taken to be norm Of humanness.

CONCLUSION:
Male Monopoly on sci- matters. Women experiences & point of view to shape perspectives from moving their own perspectives/ assertions considered as Problematic. Women has been subservient to male and auxiliary; superiority / Inferiority active 4 life and passive death- women always characterized as “others”; Inferior Androcentrism gender central inadequate . (1) Impersonal & The practical Scientific knowledge (i) tailored to reeds theocratical knowledge tailored to the needs of men as has been contended by feminist epistemologists. “Masculine” & prohibited women from practicing or perusing these courses BECAUSE, It would divert their vital energies from their reproductive power Capacities by- Collins 1990 and by Hubbard 1990.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism

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KNOWLEDGE TRADITION IN INDIAN THOUGHT

Chaitanya Sharma — Sat, 15 Jun 2024 06:12:42 +0000

INTRODUCTION:
Sabda in Mimamsa and Advaita System Sabda- pramāna are given the greatest importance in Mimamsa. Sabara defines testimony as the knowledge of an object which is not present to a sense-organ produced by the knowledge of words. Kumarilla divides testimony into human and superhuman. The former is the testimony of 9 trustworthy persons while the latter is the testimony of the Vedas. The former is valid if it is uttered by persons of trustworthy character, while the latter is valid in itself. Authority may either give information as to the existence of objects or give directions for the performance of some action. The Mimamsa is primarily interested in the impersonal authority of the Vedas because the Vedas give directions for performing sacrificial rites. The Vedas are looked upon as the book of commandments. According to most of the pro-vedic schools, the authority of the Vedas lies in their being the words of God. But Mimamsa, who does not believe in any creator or destroyer of the world, believes that the Vedas like the world are eternal.

MAIN BODY:
According to Mimamsa, the Vedas are eternal and authorless. It is not the work of any person, human or divine. The sages are only seers and not authors of the Vedas. The Veda is not composed or spoken by God. According to the Mimamsakas there is no God and hence vedic statements are impersonal. Therefore the vedic commandments can never be contradicted by any source of valid knowledge. There can be no inner contradictions in the veda itself. Hence the vedic testimony is valid in itself. Prabhakara recognizes only the vedic testimony as the real testimony and reduces human testimony to inference because its validity is inferred from the trustworthy character of the person speaking. The Mimamsa system furnishes several arguments to prove that the Vedas are impersonal.

They argue that if the Vedas had any author, his name should have been known and remembered because they have been in constant use and have been passed down by an unbroken series of successive generations of teachers and learners from unknown antiquity. To defend the eternality and the authorless nature of the Vedas, the Mimamsakas put forward the theory that words and meanings as well as their relation are all natural and eternal. A word (sabda) is constituted of two or more letters and is a mere aggregate of letters and not a whole, though the letters must occur in a particular order. A varna is regarded as an articulated sound. It is eternal, omnipresent and integral. A varna is eternal and immutable. The infallibility of the authority of the Vedas is founded on the fact that they are not vitiated by any defects to which the work of imperfect persons is subject.

CRITICAL ANALYSIS:
To know the authority of vedas, we need to know the development and existential truth aspect related to the almighty which is established in the vedas which talk about the promulgation of this metaphysical and ontological world- about the god, i.e. God, which is: (1) Omnipresent- it could be understood as the fact that the god is in possession of all the knowledge of past, present and future events and happenings of the universe; the knowledge is proper, pure and unlimited in nature. Then, we have the (2) Omnipresent- it could be understood as the fact that the god is present everywhere in the universe, the god is thereby, an all-pervading entity. In addition to these, we are incorporating the idea of (3) Omnipotent- it could be comprehended by the fact that the god is having all the potency, complete power and because of this, the almighty is having the full control of the universe. God is (4) Eternality- which could be further broken down into the aspect that, the god is immortal, no limited by space and time, has no beginning or ending. With this, we also have the concept of (5) Infinity- the ultimate reality is infinite and endless; it is not constrained by any restrictions which are not created by his wish and is therefore, benevolent, and not limited by anything.

CONCLUSION:
Although the testimony of the reliable person also is accepted by the Bhatta school as a valid source of knowledge, still 10 the vedic authority has special credibility since it will never be contradicted by any pramāna. The order in which the words occur in the literary works is determined by their authors and therefore the works are subject to defects. But the order in which the words occur in the Veda is self-determined and therefore intrinsically valid. Advaita Vedanta begins its theory of the criterion of knowledge by an examination of criteria of the other Indian systems. Sankara, following Nyāya, admits perception, inference and verbal testimony as means of valid knowledge.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_philosophy

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